iOS App: ICOON Global Picture Dictionary

ICOON App

ICOON App on iTunes ($0.99, sometimes Free)

What it is: Aimed at travelers ICOON provides a pictorial phrase book for the purpose of cross-language communication. It is simple to use and includes 12 categories that range from the basic/every-day (Hygiene, Health, Clothing, Food) to the travel-related (Measurements, World and Accommodation).

Screen Shot 1 shows a view of the categories, which is on the first screen of this app. Screen Shot 2 shows the view from inside a category ("Hygiene"), and Screen Shot 3 a specific item (toothbrush and toothpaste from the "Hygiene" category).

Screen Shot 1

How we can use it in Tx: When it comes to language goals,
pictures are always useful. Pictures divided into relevant categories are even more useful as one can make decisions about complexity level of vocabulary tasks based on context.

For word-finding goals, vocabulary that is relevant to the immediate environment of your client or is basic for their ADLs (e.g., food, hygiene, clothing) would be easiest. Emotions and Leisure a little more difficult, and Travel and World categories likely most
complex.

Language goals can be addressed in a variety of ways including confrontational naming, categorizing (top-down starting with the category and thinking of items then going over them, or bottom-up starting with items and determining categories). Pictures can replace word lists for motor speech and intelligibility practice. The picture lists easily lend themselves to various Q/A tasks, from simplest y/n to more open ended.

Screen Shot 2

The app could also be used to assess appropriateness of AAC using pictures. Does your client recognize the pictures? Are they able to read the category names? Their AAC needs are not likely to be fully met with this app (unless there is no symbolic dysfunction, and your client is only limited d/t voice issues) but you will be able to assess needs and abilities to determine what AAC app WOULD work if any.

Goals we can target in Tx with this app: Language goals
including word-finding, categorizing, question/answer and descriptions, speech goals that address dysarthria, apraxia and anything that affects intelligibility, and AAC (specifically to help assess needs and appropriateness).

Some specific examples:

Screen Shot 3

1. I recently had a client who has an existing Dx of severe expressive aphasia as well as a Dx for severe dementia. I have been working with her on pictures, and she is now able to generate around 30% (on a good day) of simple vocab from pictures. I show her a picture and ask what it is. I try to keep the pictures for each session from within the same category to help with context. If she is not able to generate the word, I give her a choice ("is this a toothbrush or a comb?"). She is able to reply with >90% accuracy. When we started she had <50% acc just repeating words. Her ability to express her needs has increased, and I have been able to educate staff re strategies to communicate with her (to ask her y/n questions as she demonstrates fairly high accuracy answering these).

2. S/P stroke client with expression limited to yes and no and conflicting reports of accuracy re same. These every day vocab pictures were useful in determining the severity of his symbolic dysfunction and helped determine that he is appropriate for an AAC device, and is able to navigate across categories to find his needs.

3. Used this app for a short task in a session with a high functioning language client presenting with mild word-finding issues at conversation level. This app was used to provide stim to jump-start conversations on a variety of topics.

iOS app: Missing Link

Missing Link App

Missing Link on iTunes (free)

What it is: A puzzle where 3 words are presented with missing letters, and solving the puzzle requires filling in the blanks to find these words. The main clue you get is that in all 3 words the same string of letters is missing.

There are 3 difficulty levels: easy, medium and hard. At easy level there's usually 2 letters missing (see Screen Shot 1), 3 at medium level, and at hard level there's shorter words with 3 blanks, so a larger part of the word is obscured.

Screen Shot 1: Easy Level

The layout is clean enough, even with the ads that pop up at the top in the free version. It resembles
an old-style typewriter (with sounds to match) and is obviously directed at adult populations.

How we can use it in Tx: As far as language goals go, even at simple level this is not the easiest game because the target words aren't the most common. As such, I would use this app for the higher functioning language client, stick to the simplest level and provide a lot of cues.

As far as reasoning goals go, the directions are simple (find 2 letters that would complete all 3 words) and yet not automatically familiar (there's not a lot of games/puzzles like this) so you have a chance to work on direction-following, and on recall of directions from one puzzle to the next. In this context, you can work with mod impaired clients as long as they don't have comorbid symbolic dysfunction.

Cuing could involve recognizing letter/sound combinations in English (e.g., if you have a verb like "keel" in screen shot 1, followed by blank-blank-g, familiarity with English should make one think of the "-ing" ending); or cuing could involve clues towards guessing the words themselves (e.g., "what's another word for 'airplane'?"). You can enter letters (even wrong ones) and ask the client whether they recognize each entry as a word. Word-recognition is an important aspect of symbolic dysfunction, although normally I'd choose simpler and shorter words for such a task unless the client was pretty high functioning.

Goals we can target in Tx with this app: Language goals involving reading, word-finding, symbolic dysfunction and intelligibility (see example 3 below); memory/recall goals related to direction following and sequencing, as well as reasoning goals.

Some specific examples:

1. Higher functioning client with language goals, you can solve the puzzle providing cues as needed (start with sound/letter familiarity cues as discussed above, then add word definition hints if needed). Once solved request client form a sentence with each word, followed by one sentence using all 3 (it can be silly, as long as it's grammatically correct).

2. For client with language goal, after solving the 3 words, have them make a list of 3-5 additional words that contain the string of letters missing from the current puzzle.

3. For a client with intelligibility goals, the simple level puzzles in this app provide great practice word lists since they are mostly 2 or more syllables long. So, solve the puzzle for fun, then use the words for intelligibility strategies practice, and to make sentences (silly sentences are really great for intelligibility practice because they lack context and thus have greater dependency on each word being heard and understood).

Android, Windows and iOS app: 4 Pics 1 Word

4 Pics 1 Word App

4 Pics 1 Word for Windows RT, for Android devices on Google Play, and for iOS devices from iTunes (all are free at this time). Also available for Nook from Barnes and Noble, and for Kindle from Amazon (these cost $0.99, and possibly are from a different developer).

What it is: A simple puzzle that presents 4 pictures that have one word in common, and you have to guess what that word is. See screen shot below where the target word is "sweet".

The gameplay is simple. Just start it and it presents 4 pictures on the screen (beautiful and high resolution), 12 letters, and blanks for each letter of the target word. Figure out what word the 4 pictures have in common and fill in the answer. You can turn off the sound if you want (although it's not annoying, just sound effects for when you select letters) and you can turn off the notifications re "buying" hints and such. As you progress through the puzzle, you win "coins" with each correct answer, and then you can purchase hints with these coins. Players can also buy these "coins" via in-app purchase.

How we can use it in Tx: Solve the puzzles with your client, providing cues as needed. You can talk about each picture of the 4 presented per puzzle, ask questions and elicit replies. In many cases the target word has more than one meaning (e.g., "sign" where it could be a noun or a verb) which provides context for some great language intervention. Solving the puzzles is great, but the path to solving each puzzles provides context for some useful interaction.

The main problem with this app is that you can't go back to puzzles you've solved (unless you remove the app and reinstall it, presumably). The puzzles do get progressively more difficult but very gradually and not by much. It's not optimal but for now you can use it until it's too difficult for your population, then reinstall and start from the beginning. And hopefully down the road, there will be a setting to go back to solved puzzles/restart the progress. On the other hand, it's free so expectations for greater customization are rather low.

Goals we can target in Tx with this app: Language goals that involve word-finding and naming are addressed rather straightforwardly, but there's also good use of repetition and Q/A that can be useful in addressing apraxia and dysarthria goals. Describing and discussing the 4 pictures presents a great opportunity to practice verbal expression. Reasoning is addressed with solving the puzzles, and focus/attention can be addressed as well (presenting 4 different pictures to solve for one word would require some cuing for focus for quite a few of my current clients). A client with lateral neglect may benefit from having to give equal attention to all 4 pictures to solve the puzzle. And you can always address memory goals with recall of pictures.

Some specific examples: Just a couple of examples of the less straightforward uses of the puzzle.

1. Memory goals: after discussing each of the 4 pictures and, hopefully, solving the puzzle, turn off the device and recall the 4 images. Start by cuing with the common word, then provide additional cues as needed.

2. Homographs/homonyms: address the various meanings of the target words as they come up in the puzzle. Since it will be as part of the puzzle-solving activity, and since the differing meanings of the words are in most cases what make the puzzle (e.g., in the screen shot above the actual taste of something vs. a synonym for "cute"), you'll have a great opportunity for this type of activity in  context (rather than a rote list of words as part of a structured task).

iPhone app: Oh, My Word! 2

Oh My Word! 2 App

OhMyWord2 app in iTunes (free)

What it is: Dubbed a prettier and more interesting version of hangman, this is a game where you guess a common 5 letter word based on being given two words that would flank it if listed in alphabetical order. You enter a 5 letter word as your guess, and if it's not the target word, your guess replaces one of the flanking clue words, getting you closer to the target. For example in the screen image below, the target word if listed alphabetically would be between GYROS and OFFER. So the hidden word must start with G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N or O. Put in a few guesses of words starting with these letters, and you narrow it down to a word that in alphabetic order would be between LIMPS and LINKS and must therefore start with LI- (see screen image 2, below).

Screen Image 1

There are several levels at which this game can be played, including a relaxed (called "classic") un-timed easy level where you are given 50 guesses, and the goal is to see how many words you can find within that number of guesses. There's also hints where you can request to be shown one of the letters in the hidden word. After playing this game several times (ok, a whole lot of times... this is a fun game!) I can attest to the fact that the target words indeed are common.

How we can use it in Tx: Access to an un-timed level with truly common words makes this a useful Tx tool. Definitions do not enter into the game. It is more about word recognition and letter sequencing in alphabetic order. Word-finding in the traditional sense normally involves coming up with the word for a specific item, and as such the definition is an integral part. Coming up with words that start with a specific letter (or sequence of letters) is a skill that combines language and reasoning, but still relies on word familiarity and ability to access stored words. For my acute pts with Aphasia I developed a mini word recognition game: I would put two cards with consonants in front of a pt, for example "p" and "g" and then give them cards with all 5 vowels, and ask them to choose the vowels that would form a real word if placed between the the two consonants; so in this example 'e' (peg), 'i' (pig), and 'u' (pug). And I'd ask the pt to also tell me what each word means (often they would choose a vowel that does not make a word, and realize so when they couldn't come up with a definition). It was a multi-step simple word finding activity that first required to recognize the word, then access its meaning. In the same manner for this app, since the words are common, supplemental tasks involving word meanings can be incorporated for those pts who need it.

Screen Image 2

Goals we can target with this app: Word-finding and naming, language, reasoning, sequencing (since alphabetical order plays a large role in this game), question/answer goals (simple y/n where you ask the pt if this letter comes before that one, or if this word precedes or follows the other in the dictionary). For verbal expression deficits reading the words aloud could also be added, incorporating apraxia, dysarthria, voice, intelligibility goals as part of a fun activity.

Some specific examples:

1. For a pt working on using intelligibility strategies at word-level, this game can provide a nice set of short words to practice strategies on. Many of the words have consonant clusters, which provide great practice for exaggerating movements. And since this is a fun thinking activity, it is easier to gauge level of cuing needed to use the intelligibility strategies at word-level (since usually, a word-level task involves a rote list of words and the drill-like manner of the exercise often reminds the pt to use strategies; not that it's a bad thing to have this built-in reminder--in fact it is a great way to get the strategies practiced--but it's nice to have a halfway point where the exercise is still word-level, but the focus is elsewhere and strategy use is less in the forefront of one's mind.

2. For a pt with sequencing goals, this game is a great practice involving alphabetic order. If coming up with words is too difficult for the pt, the ST can focus only on the alphabetic sequence of letters and make word suggestions for the pt to respond. If the two flanking words are GHOST and ICONS, for example, ask the pt what letters come between G and I. If that's too hard, make it a Y/N question: Does K come between G and I? Does H? Then ascertain which letters the target word can start with (in this case G, H, I). Now say you've entered HORSE, and now the flanking words are HORSE and ICONS. What letters can our word start with? (H or I). If it's an H word, what 2nd letter can it be? (O-Z) If it's an I word, what 2nd letter can it be? (A-C). Anyway, you get the picture, just focus on sequences and then suggest the words to guess with.

3. For a pt with higher level language goals, just play the game. Add/reduce cuing as needed to come up with word guesses, and if relevant to pt's goals, ask for definitions of all suggested words.

Word List Generator (a quick update)

In March I wrote a post titled "App Wishlist: Word list Generator". Until "there's an app for that", here is a web version: Word List Generator (part of the Free-Reading project, www.free-reading.net). This engine allows you to generate a word list by selecting various parameters. The ones relevant to us include word length (or number of syllables), CVC form, and initial sounds. I would have liked to also control medial context and specific phoneme parameters, but until there's something better, this can help.

I would use this to create word lists for word-level (obviously) tasks for voice practice, fluency, exercises for coordinating speech and breathing, and especially to practice intelligibility strategies.

iPhone/iPad app Dragon Dictation (Free)

Dragon Dictation Free App

Dragon Dictation for iPhone/iPad/iPod-touch from iTunes

What it is: A rather well known application that translates speech to text. You speak into it, and it gives you a text version of what you said. I've noticed that sometimes it recognizes raised intonation as questions, but normally, I just say "question mark" or "comma" if I want those included in the text. It is quite good and amazingly accurate if you speak clearly with relatively little background noise. It lets you easily bring up a keyboard if anything needs to be corrected, and even has drop down choices for some common homophones (like if it wrote "do" and you select it, it may automatically suggest "due" instead). The application also makes up a database of names in your address-book to help recognize these in your speech and spell them right. You can then export the speech you dictated into a text message, an email, some of the social networking programs, or lets you copy it for pasting (like into a note or whatever else you choose).

How we can use it in Tx: In some ways, this application is a measure of clarity and intelligibility. Granted, the clarity and intelligibility for this app needs to be superior to what would be required in normal conversation, but that's not a bad thing for treatment purposes. A patient that is working on intelligibility, volume, or slowing down their speech can practice with this app. Whether the patient is working on word-, phrase- or sentence- level, they can practice saying a list of words or phrases to see how many of the dictated words were clear enough for the application to transcribe. Makes it pretty easy to quantify progress as well. It is also quite delightful how good this app is at transcribing speech, which helps build motivation. This is a good companion to the Bla | Bla | Bla sound reactive app which helps work on volume and timing (see my write-up of the Bla | Bla | Bla app from March 11, 2012).

Goals we can target in Tx with this app: Intelligibility, pacing (especially slowing speech down at sentence or conversation level), volume, phoneme accuracy... and well, most dysarthria related goals. My PD patients have found it challenging but fun.

Some specific examples:

1. For word-level intelligibility or phoneme accuracy goals, start with a list of common words that target the phonemes in question, or a range of phonemes. I suggest dividing your list up by syllable length (so have a list of monosyllabic words, disyllabic, and longer). Have pt pronounce each word, and quantify success by how many trials got transcribed accurately. You can have each word said 5 times, and find % that were transcribed correctly, or just do the full list with each word once, and take % of correct words from the whole list. The transcription errors produced by the app should also help highlight the problem areas, especially for monosyllabic words (if a word is longer and one or two phonemes are off target, the app may still figure out what word it is, but shorter words rely on less context and more accurate production to transcribe). As such, you could use this app for evaluation purposes (an informal look at what sounds may be toughest for a patient, if so indicated).

2. For sentence-level pacing goals, have pt read a sentence or paragraph into the app and check on % of the sentence that was correctly transcribed into text. The feedback to the patient is very quick, and it may be helpful to see a visual of just how much of one's speech is misunderstood due to fast speaking. Putting pauses between words will up accuracy very quickly, and that would also be a good visual for the patient.

Well, you get the picture. Patient speaks into the app, the app returns with a text of what it was able to transcribe from the pt's speech. Accuracy is easily quantifiable, and suggestions can be made to improve the accuracy. Strategies are discussed, practiced, and pt tries again. Hopefully, accuracy goes up.

App Wishlist: Word List Generator

There are a few dedicated apps for speech therapy, most of which are too expensive for me to consider for their one dedicated use. I prefer random FREE apps that I can utilize to address a variety of goals. But there are a few dedicated apps I'd consider paying for. One such app would be a WORD LIST GENERATOR.

What it would be: I'd like to see an app that would let me input parameters (inclusion/exclusion of certain sounds or clusters of sounds, their location in the word such as word-initial, medial, intervocalic, final, and syllable numbers) and spit out a list of, preferably common, words. I'd like for this app to use the built in dictionary in iPhone/iPad so that I wouldn't be tied to a WiFi connection to use this app (I'm not sure if there is such a thing in Android devices, but if yes, then the same requirement).

What I would use it for: I would use it to address intelligibility and voice goals mostly, for PD patients and any other dysarthrias. If there were semantic parameters included, I could also generate words to use for language goals.

Is it possible there is already such a thing and I don't know about it? If so, let me know!

iPhone/iPad app Bla | Bla | Bla: A Sound Reactive App

Bla | Bla | Bla free app

Bla | Bla | Bla - Sound Reactive app Available in iTunes

What it is: 16 cute faces that react to sound, for example by opening their eyes and mouth wider, varying their reaction to correspond to the volume of the sound: The louder the sound, the greater the reaction from the faces. The length of the reaction also corresponds to the sound: The longer the sound, the longer the face is held in reaction mode. This app is free and it works on iPhone, iPad and iPod-touch. This is one of the apps that, for Tx,  works just as well on a small device (iPod or iPhone) and does not require the iPad to be useful. Oh and it's super fun to watch the faces change in response to sound!

How we can use it in Tx: While this is not a measure of clarity or intelligibility, it can be a useful visual feedback tool to show a patient how loud their speech, or part of their speech is, or how long they hold a vowel, or how much stress they put on one syllable as compared to another. I had a patient who would trail off on all but the first syllable except when using this app. And as I note above, it really is very amusing to watch the faces change: my pts enjoyed it a lot, and some liked getting to pick which face to use.

Goals we can target in Tx with this app: Intelligibility, dysarthria, stress/intonation, volume, voice, phonation, to name a few. I've used it with patients with Parkinson's, MS, and others with mild dysarthria.

Some specific examples (not an exhaustive list):

1. After going over intelligibility strategies of putting stress on each syllable and exaggerating each sound, a pt can practice a word list, starting with some automatic ones like days of the week, with the goal of getting maximum reaction from the app's faces for each syllable (not trailing off). Accuracy can be measured by how many of the words got equally strong reactions from the app's faces for each syllable.

2. For a pt with flat affect or disordered prosody, write a goal to practice phrases and mark the stressed elements with prolongation and increased volume, as measured by the reaction from this app. The list of phrases could include ones where the word emphasized is the only difference (minimal pairs with respect to prosody); e.g., "I want SOUP for lunch" vs. "I want soup for LUNCH" (the first meaning I want soup and not something else, the second one meaning I want it for lunch, not for dinner). The emphasis on the word in CAPS should be apparent from the Bla | Bla | Bla app's reaction to volume and duration. Accuracy can be measured by how many reps it took to get the reaction on the correct words.

3. For a pt with goals to increase vocal intensity, can write a goal to elicit maximum response from the app's faces to a list of words or phrases. It is easy to see what maximum response is for each included face by making a soft sound followed by a loud one and comparing the response. Then the pt can work towards getting the maximum response, which would entail speaking louder. Accuracy can be measured by what % of the pt's speech got maximum response from the app's face.

4. Pacing goals, for pts who need to work on slowing their speech, could also be addressed I think. I haven't had a chance to try this with a pt, but I imagine you could write a goal for the pt to space out the face's responses to syllables (since vowels are the loudest parts of speech, those are the ones the app's faces respond to). If speech is too quick, the face doesn't "rest" as much between reactions, so spacing these out can be a visual indicator of the speed of one's speech.

5. Another thing I haven't tried but feel could be appropriate is using this app with fluency/stuttering pts. Visual indicator of volume and speed can help pace and shape prosody. Affecting these characteristics of speech has been shown to increase fluency (using metronomes and delayed feedback all provide auditory feedback on pacing and affect prosody, but visual feedback, in the form of pointing to a word being read for example, has also been shown to be effective). Therefore using visual feedback such as this app to increase awareness of prosody and pacing to shape fluency is within supported reason, so to speak.